Calculating-machine.



' No- 829,971. .-PATENTED SEPT. 4, 1906. G F LAGANKE &; J A SMITHCALCULATING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED DBO 22 1904 a SHEETS-SHEET 1.

'PATEN-TED SEPT. 4-, 1906. 0. r. LAGANKE & J. A. SMITH.

CALCULATING MACHINE. APPLIOATION FILED DEO.22,1904.

PATENTED SEPT. 4t, 1906.

G. F. LAGANKE 82 J. A. SMITH.

CALCULATING MACHINE.

APPLIGAT IO H FILED 1330.22.1904.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

w vh waoeo N0- 829,971. PATE'NTED SEPT. 4, 1906. ohF. LAGANKE & J. A.SMITH.

CALCULATING MACHINE. 7

9 sums-4113211 4.

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Ckdl'kJFL gmw/mi A Lia/110A wad wows No. 829,971. I v PATENTED 51214;1906.

0. P. LAGANKBS; J.-A. SMiTH.' I CALCULATING MAGHINE.

APPLICATION FILED DEO.22,1904.

' e SHEETS-SE'BETB.

Wail/( 9m JZIWAJSWHM SIM/ W6 No- 829,971. PATENTED SEPT. 4:, 1906. 0. F..LAGANKE & J. A. SMITH.

CALCULATING MACHINE.

APPLIGATION FILED DEO.22,1904=.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 6- 76' w-vewtozs 'PATENTED SEPT, 4, 19065 LAGANKE & J. A.SMITH. CALCULATING MACHINE.

APLELIGATION FILED 13120.22; 1904.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

PATENTBD SEPT. 4 1 1906.

0. P. LAGA-NKE & J. A. SMITH. OALOULATING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED 1330.22, 1904.

9 SHEETS-SHEEIY a;

III

V PATENTED SEPT} 4, 1906 C. F. LAGANKE &: J. A. SMITH.

GALGULATING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED D'Eo.z2,'1'9o4.

9 SHEETS SHEET Q- un/ Macaw UNITED sTA ns rarnN'r orrucni CHARLESFREDERICK- LAGANKE AND JOHN ASBURY SMITH, OF OLEVE: LAND, OHIO,ASSIGNORS TO ELLIOTT-FISHER COMPANY, OF NEVY YORK, N.-Y., A CORPORATIONOF DELAWARE.

CALCULATING-MACHINE.-

' LAGANKE and JOHN AsBURY SMITH, citizens of the United States, residinat. Cleveland, in the county of Cuyaho a and State of Ohio, haveinvented a new an useful Calculating Machine, of which the following isa specification.

This invention relates to calculating-ma chines, and more particularlyto that type which includes a type-writer as an adjunctive organization.

' Viewed in a more specific aspect, the in-' vention relates to acombined calculatingmachine and book type-Writer.

First. The object of the invention, stated generally, is to provide acompact, durable, positively-operating, and easily-accessible mechanismfor connecting the numeral-keys of the type-writer with the computingdevice or register. I

Second. Another object is to facilitate the rapid manipulation of thekeys by providing independently-retractile connections between theseveral keys and the intermittently-r0- tary master-wheel or actuatorof,the computing device in order that any key may be depressed toproperly operate the master- Wheel without awaiting the completeretraction of a'key previously depressed. This end is attained bymounting the actuator on a shaft having intermittent rotar movement inone direction only imparte any one of a series of oscillatory armsmounted on the shaft independently of each other and provided withpawls, which engage ratchets fixed on the shaft, so that when any arm isswung in the proper direction its pawl will engage a ratchet, and thusrotate the shaft-and the'actuator; The retraction of the arm isndependent of theshaft, because the aw] will move idly .over the toothof the fixed ratchet. Therefore during such retraction of one armanother arm may be moved to again rotate the shaft and actuator inthesame direction as before. Each of these oscillatory arms is actuated byone of the numeral-keys of the'type-writer, and the extent of suchmovement corresponds to the value of the digit represented by the key.Third. Anot er object is to avoid the pos i sibility of error in thecomputationdue to what is known as doubling up to wit, the

Specification of Letters Patent. Application iiled December 22, 1904-Serial No. 237,957.-

thereto by Patented Sept. 4, 1906.

the operator will be apprised of that fact bythe failure of the key torise, and upon striking it a second time the effect will be to merelycomplete the proper movement of the actuator.

Fourth. Another object is to eliminateerror due to the overrunning ofthe actuator or master-wheelthat is to say, an exaggerated movementthereofin consequence of the momentum gained during its proper movement.' This end is attained by associating with the master-wheel aratchet engaged by a check-arm just as the master-wheel reaches thelimit of its proper movement. The checkarm extends from a universalcheck-bar.having arms, one for each key connection, and so arranged thatany one of the several swinging arms mounted on the actuator-shaft willat the completion of its movement engage an arm on the check-bar, andthus rock the latter to shift the check-arm into en agement with ,theratchet, and thus check t e rotary movement of the master wheel oractuator at the proper point.

Fifth. Another object is to eliminate the possibility of errorconsequent upon the redepression of a key before its connections havebeen completely retracted from a previous operating movement. This endis attained by providing meansfor dogging the key connection againstmovement in a direction to operate the actuator in case the key isstruck before the connection has reached its completely-retractedposition: To this end each of the pawls which engage the fixedratchet-Wheels on the actuator-shaft to rotate the latter is providedwith a lateral projection or dog. This do during its retract? ilemovement travels i ly over.a' ratchetsegment; but if during suchmovement the key is struck the dog will engage a tooth of g the ratchet,and thus revent the depression F of the key, which won d otherwise 0viously result in an incomplete movement of the actuator. I

Sixth. Another object is to provide positive means depending in no wayupon the reaction of a spring or springs for-keeping any driving-pawl inengagement with its fixed ratchet-wheel on the actuator-shaft during theentire key-stroke to insure the communication of a proper movement tothe actuator during. such key-stroke. This result is secured byproviding a segmental guard-flange concentric with each driving-ratchetand disposed over the lateral projection or dog of the adjacentdriving-pawl, thus positively preventing the pawl from moving out ofengagement with the ratchet until the end of its stroke is reached.

Seventh. Another object of the invention is to produce an eliicient formof key connection which may be utilized to transmit differentialmovement from the various keys to the swinging driving-arms on theactuatorshaft, notwithstanding the fact that the strokes oi all thekeysare uniform and that motion is transmitted during the entire strokeof each key. To effect this end, the connection between each key and thecorre sponding driving-arm includes two levers of the second and thirdclass, respectively, fulcrumed at their opposite ends. These levers areprovided intermediate of their ends with a combined sliding and pivotalconnection constituting the load or resistance-point of one and thepower-point of the other. The free end of the second-class lever has alink connection with the appropiate key, and the opposite end of thethird-class lever is formed with a segmental rack meshing with a gearformed on the hub of the adjacent drivingarm. To effect the necessaryvariation in. the extent of the transmitted movement, the connectionsbetween the levers of the several pairs are disposed in graduated.arrangement.

Eighth. Another object is to provide a simple and eflicient means forentirely disconnecting the key connections of the computing device fromthe keys of the type-writer to permit the unrestricted independent useof the latter. This mechanism comprehends a total-key arranged toactuate a swinging yoke, which when moved in one direction by thedepression of the total-key causes the several links which connect thekey-stems with the second-class levers to be withdrawn from operativeproximity to said stems, thus permitting the keys to be operated-as, forinstance, to print the totalwithout effecting the actuation of thecomputing device.

Other objects subordinate to those enumerated and structural features inaddition to those particularly pointed out will appear more fullyhereinafter, and the invention in its various aspects will be succinctlydefined in the appended claims.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 is saaevi I a plan view of a booktype-writer equipped I in accordance with our invention. I Fig. 2 is 1 avertlcal longitudmal sectlonal view of the i same subjectmatter.. Fig. 3is a plan View of the cover-plate of the type-writer detached 1 andshowing in plan the mechanism asseml bled thereon. Fig. 4 is a rearelevation of the subject-matter of Fig. 3. Fig. 5 is a bottom plan viewof the cover-plate and attached parts. Fig. 6 is an enlarged sectional 1view showing the'connecting mechanism between one of the keys and theactuator-shaft. I Fig. 7 is a similar view of the connecting i mechanismfor another key. Fig. 8 is still 1 another sectional view, but showingthe subl ject-n1atter of Fig. 6 viewed from the opposite slde andshowing the positions assumed by the parts when the key is depressed.Fig. 9 is an enlarged section showing the arrangement of the actuatorand the check-arm and ratchet. Fig. 10is asimilar view of themechanismfor resisting reverse rotation of theactuator-shaft; Fig. 11. is asectional iew on the line of the actuator-shaft with parts broken awayand designed to show the arrangement of the bearing-brackets,drivingratchets, and driving-arms. Fig. 12 is a dctail perspective viewshowing the relation of a driving-arm and its ratchet with respect tothe adjacent eoml'iination ratchet, guardflange, and cam at thebeginning of the driving movement of the arm. Fig. 13 is a per spectiveview of the same subject-matter viewed from the other side and showing adriving-arm at or about the end of its driving movement. Fig. 1.3 is adetail view showing the manner in which the retractile movement of thedriving-arm causes the beak oi its pawl to ride up the inclined face ofa ratchet tooth to present the projection of said pawl above theguard-iiange.' Fig. 14 is a detail elevationshowing the manner in whichthe lateralprojection' or cheek-dog of a driving-' pawl rides over theratchet-flange, which prevents the driving arm from being again operatedbefore completing its retractile movement. Fig.,15 is a perspective viewof the bearing-bracket associated with the connections of the 1 key.Fig. 165is a similar view of the bracket associated with theconnections. of the 2 key. Fig. 17 is a perspective view of the bracketassociated with the 9 key. Fig. 18 is a detail sectional plan showingthe manner of connection between a driving-pawl and a driving-arm, themeans for limiting their relative movement, and the manner in which the.pawl cooperates with the ratchet-flange. Fig. 19 is a detail view of adriving-arm. Fig. 20 is a similar view of a driving-pawl. Fig. 21 1s adetail sectional elevation of the total-key and associated parts. Fig.22 is a detail view of the locating-stop for the computing device. Figs.23 and 24 are detail views of the locator-depressing plate, and Fig. 25is a perspective view showing the manner in which the movable section 90of the depressing-arm yields when struck by a rising transfer-leverduring the retraction of the carriage.

. putation.

Each part is designated by the same reference character throughout theviews. a

While this invention may be viewed as a calculating machine, since theoperating mechanism for the computing device is possessed of specialutility regardless of any other function which such mechanism mayperform the illustrated embodiment of the invention is a combinedtype-writing and. calculating machine, the numeral-keys of thetype-writer serving both to operate'the computing, device and tosimultaneously cause the printing of the digits included in the com- Forthe purpose of this disclosure We have selected a type-writing machineof that type which are known as fiatplaten or book type-writers, theparticuar machine selected for illustrative purposes being what is knowncommercially as an Elliott-Fisher type-writer, exemplified in Patent No.573,868 to R. J. Fisher, to which reference may be made for a morecomplete disclosure of the type-writer than is thought to be necessaryin the present connection.

The general organization of the typewriterr The type-writer here shownembodies a machine-frame 1, mounted to travel longitudinally of a flatplaten 1* to space the lines of writing. The frame 1 includes front andrear carriageguides 2 and 3, which. slid ably support a carriage 4:,supporting the printing mechanism and movable transversely of the platento letter-space the writing. The

upper portion of the carriage 4 is in the form of a casing 5, abovewhich are spaced the numeral and letter keys 6 and 7, having stems 8,connected at their inner ends to key-levers 9, fulcrumed within thecarriage-casing 5. The key-levers 9 are connected through, drawwires 10with downwardly-swinging type? barsll, carried by a type-ring 12,pendent (See Fig. 2.) The carriage 4 is moved to the right by car-vriage-propelling mechanism including car- Qnage-tzipes 13, connectedattheir inner ends to the carriage and at their outer ends to springdrums(not shown) mounted on the machme-frame. The step-by-step advance of thecarria c' in the direction of letter-spacing is contro led bcarriageieding mechanismincluding rac s 14, associated with thecarriage-guides 2 and 3 and meshing with ;rying the escapement-wheel 17.

pinions 15, fixed to the feed-"spindle 16, extending transversely of thecarriage and car- (See 'Fig. 2.) The wheel .17 is alternately engaged bythe escapement-dogs 18, one of whichis shown iiii-[FigiQ-Q," Theescapement, including the ratchetiescapement-wheel' 17 and the dogs 18,is o erated' from the keys-in a manner Well-uh erstood in theart, ancl-it is thought when the key is released the dogswi ll be permitted toshift back to their normal positions, and the carriage willsimultaneously advance the distanceof one letter-space to the right.

a The relation of the computing device to the type-writing machine.1nrear of the machine-frame 1 a guide-bar 21 is supported in parallelismtherewith by brackets 22.

device or register 23, designed to be shifted along the bar and securedin position for use with respect to a column located'at any point on theworksheet supported by the platen. The. device 23 includes a casingwhich' contains the computing and registering mechanism, the specificcharacter of which constitutes no part of the present invention; fice itto say that it includes, as usual, a series On the bar 21 is slidablysupported a computing Sufof digit-carriers or number-wheels designed toregister hundredths, tenths, units, tens, hundreds, thousands,ten-thousands, hundred-thousands, and millions, thetenthswheel being ofdouble width to accommodate the decimal-space. Eachof these wheels isprovided upon its periphery with the digits 0 to "9, inclusive,preferably formed in or upon the end faces of the peripheral teeth, i

one digit of each wheel. being observablethrough a sight-opening 24at'the upper front corner of the casing. Each digit-carrier ornumber-wheel is arranged to make nine-tenths of a completerotation'independ ently of the other wheels of the seriesto present itsdigits successivelybeforethe sight.-

opening and during its next or tenth 'incre-.

ment of movement carries the next wheel to the left a single incrementor step, after which the first-named wheel may a ain ro tateindependently for nine-tenthso a complete rotation before, againadvancing the adjacent wheel at the left a single step. Since thewheels'of theentire series are related to one another in the mannerstated, it follows that mechanical computations in addition may beeffected by moving the wheels corre-' s ending in order or denominationto the orer of the digitscomposing the numbers to be added a numberof-increments corresponding to the unitary values of such digits. Thussuppose it is desired to add 23 and '32.

The ciphers of all the wheels being disposed;

op osite the. sight-opening, the tens-wheel will be moved twoincrements, presenting the digit 2 to view. The umts-wheel will then-berotated three increments, and the number 23 will be observable throughthe sight-opening. The second number 32" will now be added by impartingto the tenswheel three additional increments of move- 'ment and totheunits-wheel two additional increments, thus causing the numeralspresented before the sight-opening to read 55, the sum of the twonumbers. Since the numerical value of each order or denomination of thecolumn is ten, and since each wheel during its last or tenth incrementof movement will, as heretofore explained, impart a single increment ofmovement to the next adjacent wheel of higher order, it follows thatwhen the number reaches the limit of the numerical value of a givenorder or denomination the rotation of the adjacent wheel to the leftwill effect the registration ofa digit of the next higher order. Forinstance, assumingthe first-order or unit wheel to be given nineincrements of movement during the presentation of the digit 9 oppositethe'sightopening, the next or tenth increment of movementwill presentthe 0" on said wheel before the sight-opening and will simultaneouslyadvance the next higher or tens wheel a single increment to present thedigit 1 of the second order or' denomination before the opening, thepresentation of the two digits 0 and 1 in the first and second orderseffecting the regispzaion of the number 10.

The mastgmbheel and its operating connections.Up'6n the carriage 4 ofthe type-writing machine is mounted that portion of the computingmechanism which constitutes the operating means for the computing devicepr'o er, which, as we have seen, is mounted out emachine-frame. Theprimary element of this actuating mechanism is a masterwheel 25 ofconsiderably greater diameter than the number-wheels and presentable tothe latter in succession by the step-by-step advance of the carriage inthe direction of letter-spacing. The, master-wheel is de-' signed torotate the number-wheels in proportion to the numerical value of thedigits embraced by the computation. The'masterwheel is key-operated andthe operating-keys in the illustrated embodiment of the invention arethe numeral-keys of the type-writer, although it is obvious that viewingthe invention as a calculating-machine, regardless of the recordinggf-the digits upon a work sheet or page, it is immaterial whether thekeys perform any function other than the actuation of the master-wheel.

The master-wheel or actuator 25 (see particularly Figs. 2, 3, and 9) isfixedly mounted upon a comparatively long actuator-shaft 26, disposedparallel with the axes of thenumber-wheels and supported at its oppositeends by bearing-brackets 27 and intermediate thereof by a center bracket28, the several brackets rising from the cover-plate 5 of thecarriage-casing 5. This shaft 26 is designed' l to be intermittentlyrotated in one direction I exclusively, the degree of rotationcorresponding to the value of the-particular nu' i meral-key from whichthe motion is transl mitted. The several numeral-keys are eachindependently connected to the actuatorshaft by means of keyconnections, each of which is capable of transmitting movement to theshaft from a key while the connections of a key previously depressed arebeing retracted. In addition to the brackets 27 and 28 a series ofadditional bearing-brackets 29 are secured to the cover-plate 5 andcorrespond in number with the numeral-keys. The upper portion of eachbracket 29 surrounds and constitutes a bearing for the hub 30 of adriving-ratchet 31, fixed to the actuator-shaft. Immediately adjacent toeach ratchet 31 is a comparatively short drivingarm 32 loosely mountedon the actuatorshaft and having a comparatively long hub 33, whichpreferably extends to thehub of the adjacent driving-ratchet. As shownin Fig. 11, the arrangement of these ratchets 31 and arms 32 is suchthat they alternate with each other upon the actuator-shaft, so that thedriving-arms, while free to swing relative to the shaft, are retainedagainst lateral movement longitudinally thereof. Each of thedriving-arms is designed to move a different distance, since themovement of each cor respondsin extent to the value of the key by meansof which it is swung. These arms therefore have a graduated arrangement,as indicated in Figs. 3 and 4. At the outer end of each driving-arm 32is mounted a swinging driving-pawl 34, which when the arm is swung inthe direction of the arrow in Fig. 7 is designed to engage a tooth ofthe adjacent. driving-ratchet 31, and thus establish an operativeconnection between the driving-arm and the actuator, so that the latterwill be rotated a distance corresponding to the stroke of the arm. Thepawl 34 is preferably mounted, as shown in Fig. 18, a pivot-screw 35being passed through the pawl and secured into the outer end of thedriving-arm. The width of the pawl is slightly less than the. distancebetween the driving-arm and the adjacent bearing-bracket, between whichit is urged by a spring 36 to engage the drivingratchet.

The spring 36 is preferably of spiral form and is located within aspring-pocket formed conjointly in the driving-arm and pawl, shown. Forthe purpose of limiting the swinging movement of the pawl the latter isprovided with a laterally-projecting stop-pin '37, designed to play inthe recess 33 in the arm 32. At the side of its axis opposite the pawleach driving-arm is formed with a toothed segment 39, engaged by atoothed segment 40, formed at one end of a thirdclass lever' l],fulcrumed at its opposite end in a bracket 42, secured to thecover-plate 5*,

- the same stroke.

adjacent to the front edge thereof, the fulcrums of the several levers41 being preferably arranged in alinement. Each lever 41 is designed tobe operated for the purpose of ver 43, fulcrumed at its rear end in abearingbracket 44, mounted at the rear'edge of the plate 5*. The levers43 are connected at their front ends to the keys for actuation bythelatter, and an operative connection between each pair of levers 41and 43 is effected by means of a headed pin 45 extended laterally fromthe lever 41 and received within a comparatively short longitudinal slot46 in the adjacent lever 43. In other words, a Sl( t and-pin connectionis effected between each pair'of levers at a point intermediate of theirends. of its value, is the same and since a positive connection iseffected in a manner to be described between each key and one of thelevers 43, it follows that each lever 43 will have the same extent ofmovement or stroke, and as it is necessary for the several levers 41 tohave differential movement according to the varying values of the keysthe several slotand-pin connections are disposed ingraduatedarrangement, as best shown in Fig. 3 that is to say, the connectionbetween the levers 41 and 43 of that pair or'set which is included inthe connection for the "1 key is located comparatively near the fulcrumof the lever 43 and a correspondingly great distancefrom the fulcrum ofthe lever 41. The slot-and-pin connection between the levers 4] and 43,operated by the 9 key, on the contrary, is comparatively close to thefulcrum of the lever 41 and correspondingly removed from the fulcrum ofthe lever 43. By this arrangement the stroke of the lever 41, operatedby the 1 key, will be oneninth of the stroke of the lever 41, operatedby the 9 key, notwithstanding the fact that both of the levers 43,operated by the 1 and 9 keys, respectively, will have exactly In similarmanner the 10- cation of the connections between the levers tions willmove in unison during both the op ofjntermediate pairs is graduated sothat the movement of the actuator will correspond in extent to the valueof the particular numeralkey depressed. 1

Pendent from the front end of eachlever 43 is a link 47, extendingthrough a slot 48 in the cover-plate 5 and providedjat a point belowsaid plate with aproiection- 49 designed to normally engage the adjacentpin 20, projecting from the stem of a numeral-key. The

pin 20 is preferably provided, as shown in Figs. 2, 6, and 7, witharecess 50 for the accommodation of the projection 49, so thata positiveconnection with the key will be ef-' footed in order that the keyliandits connecerating and retractile movements of the parts. When a key isdepressed, a link 47 will be As the stroke of each key, regardlessdependently of the ratchet drawn down and the actuator-operatingconnections will thus be actuated to rotate the actuator or masterwheel, the connections j and key moving back to theirrmtral'pos'lswinging its driving-arm by a second-class letions in unisonwhen released. To facilitate this retractile movement of the parts, aseries of vertlcally-reciprocatory retractingplungers 51 are extendedupwardly through the plate 5 and each engages the under side of one ofthe levers 43 adjacent to the fulcrum thereof. (See Figs. 6 and7.) Eachplunger is constantly urged upwardly by a retracting spring 52, locatedbelow the plate 5 and bearing at its upper end against a collar 53,fixed on the plunger, and at its lower end against a fixed guide-plate54,-

which serves toguide the lower end'of the plunger and is retainedinspaced relation to the plate 5 by posts 55. (See Fig. 4".) Theguide-plate 54 is preferably formed in separate sections, as shown. Whena key is depressed, the driving-arm 32, connected thereto, will be swungin the direction of the arrow in Fig. 7, and its pawl engaging theadjacent fixed ratchet 31 will rotate the actuator-shaft and themaster-wheel fixed thereon for the purpose of rotatingthat numberwheelwith which the master-wheel is engaged a number of incrementscorresponding to the un1- tary value of the key. When the key isreleased, its connections will be retracted without effecting reverserotation of the actuatorshaft, since it will be obvious that thedrivingarm will swing back to its initial position inpreviously engagedby its pawl.

The construction thus far described comprehends a complete embodiment ofthe i'n' vention so far as concerns the attainment of the first, second,and seventhobjects recited in the introductory part of thisspecification. Obviously the arrangement is simple, compact, andpositively operating, and is accessible for adjustment and repair, sincethe part are all assembled upon a single cover-plate which may bereadily detached from the remainder of the machine. Furthermore, it willbe apparent that since cach of the'driV- ing-arins is loosely mounted onthe actuatorshaft and is retracted independently thereof the keys may beoperated in rapid succession,

since the connection of one key may be re' tracting while theindependent connection of another key is imparting movement from saidkey to the actuator-shaft and the masterwheelr 'zklso, as has been fullyexplained, the variation in location'of the several slotand-pinconnectionsbetween the levers of the several pairs results in thediffercn tial irreve- 'ment of the master-wheel'in accordance with thedifferent values of the keys, notwith' standing-thefact that the strokeof all the keys is the same and that motion is transmitted to themaster-wheel throughout practically the/entire stroke of each key.

The means for preventing driving pawl and ratchet during the entire'ke'gstroke-The term doubling up is frefluently used by those skilled in theart to escribe the exaggerated or excessive movement of a number-wheel,resulting from a partial or false stroke of a key and a subse qluentfull stroke thereof. This will be 0 early understood when it isexplained that ifthe 6 key is partiallydepressed the master-wheel andconsequently the. numberwheel engaged thereby will move, say, threeincrements. If, after the retraction of the connections from thisincomplete stroke, the operator, noting the failure of the carria e tofeed, should'strike the key again and 'ully depress it, six incrementsof movement would be imparted to the number-wheel, the result being thedoubling up or addition of the three increments of movement resultingfrom the false key stroke and the six increments of movement resultingfrom the full stroke of the 6 key. This would obviously falsity thecomputation, and the possibility of such error must be avoided. Toeffect this result, it is simply necessary to dog each key connec tionagainst retraction until its full stroke has been completed, andthis maybe done by means of the following instrumentalities: 'Fixedly mounted onthe actuator-shaft is a toothed check-wheel 56, engaged by a checkdog57, urged toward the wheel by a spring 58 and mounted on a bracket 59,carried by the plate 5. (See Fig. 10.) The dog '57 resistsreverserotation of the actuator-shaft andof the master-wheel anddriving-ratchets carriedthereby. It is obvious, therefore, that as adriving-arm swin' 5 back during the retraction ofi, a key it not carrythe adjacent driving-ratchet with it, even assuming for the moment thatthepawl remains in engagement with the ratchet. Therefore in order toprevent the drivingarm from swinging back before it has completed a fullforward stroke it is simply n'ecessa to provide means for connecting thepaw and ratchet in a manner to resist such retractile movement. Toattain this end, each of the bearing-brackets 29 is provided with asegmental guard-flan e 60, con- 6d urge the latter into engagementwith atoot or the adjacent drivmg 'ratchet 31 in the event centric with theactuator-shaft. nder this guard-flange a lateral projection or dog 61projecting laterally from one side of'the adjacent pawl 34, is designedto ride when a driving-arm is swung to o erate the master wheel. Thisflange 60 pe orms several functions'. In the first place,its rearextremity is reversely curved to form acam 62, which will engage the dog61 of the pawl and positive of railure of the spring 36 to move the pawlto its engaging position at the proper time.

After; the. engagement of the pawl with the doubling up ratchet has beeneil'ected the flange 60 conand for insuring proper engagement of the.

stitutes a guard, positively preventing the accidental. disengagement ofthe pawl from the ratchet until the full stroke is completed. It is byreason of this function of the ilangc 60 l as a guard that it servesalso to aid in preventing the retraction of the key connectionl rom afalse stroke of the key. As the guardfiange 60 occupies such a positionthat it prevents the pawl from moving out ol en agement with theratchet, it follows that when a key is partially depressed and thenreleased the driving-arm 32 will not be retracted, since the pawlcarried by said arm would necessarily have to ride back over the teethof the ratchet 31, and this it is prevented from doing because theflange 60, engaging the projection or dog 61 on the pawl, will preventthe latter from swinging out sufficiently to clear the ends of theratchet-teeth. Therefore, when the operator again strikes the key themovement of its connections will merely be completed, and exaggeratedmovement of the master-wheel, due to doubling up, will be prevented.

In the present embodiment of the invention the character of connectionbetween the key andthe elements of the operating connection of thecomputing device is such that the key is prevented from rising from anincomplete stroke. This is desirable because the failure of the key torise attracts the operators attention to the'incomplete strokei'f heshould overlook the failure of the carriage to feed. This character ofconnection for the key is not essential, however, since it is obviousthat even if the key is capable of rising from an incomplete stroke its.connection would nevertheless be dogged against retraction andexcessive movement of the actuator or master wheel would thus beprevented.

The means for preventing orerrn'nnt'ng 0f the master-wheel.Anotherpossibility of error arises from the tendency of the master-wheel tooverrun its proper. movement in consequence of the impetus gained' byit. It will be noted, for instance, that when the 9 key is depressed amovement of considerable extent will be imparted to the master-wheel atcomparatively high speed, andto prevent the impetus thus gained fromproducing a slightly-exaggerated movement it is necessary to positivelydog the master-wheel against further advance the instant it completes amovement corresponding in extent to the value of the key depressed.

The mechanism for preventing the overrunning of themasterewheel'includes what may be termed a universal check-bar 63,afforded hearings in the forwardly-extended upper ends of the brackets2.7 and 28. Extended rearwardly from this bar is the swingingcheck-arm64, (see Figs. 3 and 9,) designed to be moved into engagement with aratc'het-wheelfiS, fixed to the actuator-shaft the check-arm 64 is heldout of engagement with theratchet-wheel 65 by a spring 66,

(see Fig. 3,) encircling the universal bar 63,

adjacent to one end thereof, and tending to rock the latter in onedirection.

the movement of the check-arm 64 within Y movement.

narrow limits, it is arrested when moved out of engagement withthe wheel65 by a stop 67. v (See Fig. 9.)

Extending radially from the universal bar 63 are a series of arms 68,each of which is arranged to be engaged by one of the driving-' arms 32as the latter reaches the limit of its Thus when a key'is depressedthedriving-arm'will swing for the purpose of rotating the master-wheeland immediately before said driving-arm reaches the limit of itsmovement it engages one of the arms 68 and swings the latter, as shownin Fig. 8, thereby rocking the universal check-bar 63 and swinging thecheck-arm 64 intoengagement with the ratchet-wheel 65 to positivelycheck the master-wheel at the proper point, and thus preventoverrun'ning thereof. -As the driving-arm moves back upon the release ofthe key the spring 66 restores the check-' bar to its norma position andwithdraws the checkarm from engagement with the ratchet-wheel. Thereforeas soon as the driving-armhas moved .back the very slight distancenecessary to effect the release of the master-wheel the latter. may beoperated by another key without awaiting further retractile movement ofthe key previously depressed.

The means for preventing the redepression of a key before itsconnections have been completelg retracted. The mechanisms dc.-

scribed under the two immediately preceding headings are designed toeliminate the possibility'of error due to excessive or exaggeratedmovement of the masterwheel. Under the present heading will be describedthe mechanism designed to eliminate error due to insuflicient movementof the master-wheel. Suppose, for instance, that the 6 key is depressed,thus rotating the master-wheel.

'six increments and efiecting a'corresponding operation. of anumber-wheel of the computing device. If now the key is released, the

carriage will feed to present the master whelto another number-wheel ofthe computing device, and if immediately after its release the key isredepressed before its connections have had time to move back to theircompletely-retracted positions an insufficient movement will be impartedto the number-wheel because the eiiective keystroke will only equal inextent the incompIr-tc retractile movement of the connections.

Thus undersuch conditions the number '\vli(-\ol operated by thepremature redepres- S1011 of the 6 key would move only five in- Toconfine crements or less, and the computation would be correspondinglyerroneous. To avoid this possibility of error, provision is made forpreventing reactuation of a key connection until the retractile movementof the latter from a previous operation has been completed." Byreference to Fig. 7 it will be seen that the outer side of eachguard-flange is formed withratchet-teeth 69. When a driving-arm reachesthe limit of its operating movement; the projection or dog 61 on itspawl will. have passed beyond the front end of the flange 60 and as thearm begins itsretractilemovement the beak of its pawl will necessarilyride up the inclined face of the toothinrear of the one engaged by it,and

' this outward movement of the pawl will cause the dog or projection 61to ride up over the front endof the flange 60. As the drivingarm nowmoves back the projection 61 instead of traversing the under side of theflange, as b efore,will ride over the flange, being urged toward thelatter by the spring 36.

In consequence of this arrangement it is apparent that an attempt toprematurely rederess the key would be rendered ineffective y reason ofthe engagement of the dog 61 I with-one-of the teeth 69 on the flange60. Y

As soon, however, as the parts are completely retracted the dog 61 willride off of 9 5 therear endofthe flange 60 and will drop 'uponthesurface of. a cam 70, which will retain it out ofengagement with theteethof the drivingratchet. If now the driving: arm is again advanced tooperate the masterwheel, the projection 61 of -its pawl will move alongthe cam-face 70 until it reaches the cam end'62 of the flange 60'. Atthis point the face of the cam 70 is depressed, as indicated at 71 inFig. 15, in order that the dog may ride down under the flange 60, andthus insure the engagement of the pawl with the It will of course beunder- I driving-ratchet. v stood that while all of these structuralcharacteristics are common to the several operating .connectionstheyvary in dimensions in accordance with the varying strokes of theseveral driving-arms.

The means for disconnecting the numerallceys of the type-writer from themaster-wheeloperating connections to permit the UTL'TFRiIlCt-r edindependent use of the typewriter..Pend

ent from the under side of the cover-plate 5 w ll adjacent to the frontedge thereof, are pair. of bearing-brackets 72, in which is journalcd arock-shaft 73, carrying a yoke 74, commie-1 lg pair of'arms 75,extending radially irony:

the shaft 73 and connected by a universalbar 76, disposed parallel withthe shaft. The

universal bar 76 is received withinvertical The slots 77 in each of theseveral links 47. slots 77 are of suflicient length to accon1modate thenormally stationary'universal bar when the links 47 are reciprocatedvertically during the operation of the keyeonne'ctions,

stems, undue upward movement -.nect1ons when thus released beingprevented supported by standards fer-levers of the computing'device.

during the operation of the machine said bar thus serving to guide thelinks in their movement. In addition to its function as a guide theuniversal bar 76 is designed to be shifted laterally from its normalposition (shownin Fig. 7) for the'purpose of swinging the several links47 to disengage the several lugs 49"- from the pins 20 on the key-stems,thus disengaging the operating connections of the computing device fromthe numeralkeys of the type-writer. This lateral movement of theuniversal bar 76 iseffected' by the depression of a total-key 78, thestem 79 of which extends througha slot in the plate 5 and is connectedat its lower end to the shaft 73. When the total-key 78 is depressed orpushed back, the shaft 73 and the yoke carried thereby is rocked, thuscausing the universal bar 76 to withdraw the several links 47 fromengagement with the keyofthe conby the universal stop-bar 76*, disposedacross the front ends of the levers 43 and 76 rising from the plate 5*.Similarly'the movement of the total-key in the opposite directionrestores the connections between the numeral-keys and the computingdevice. To retain the total-key and its associated parts in eitherposition, a pivoted detent 80, urged down wardly by a spring 81, ismounted on a bracket 82, depending from the plate 5, and rovided with abeak 83, which engages eit er of a air of notches 84 or 85 in an arm 86,secured to the shaft 73. The opposite faces of the beak 83 are inclined,as shown, so that while the total-key is retained in either of itspositions the detent will yield to permit the movement application ofordinary pressure thereto.

A subordinate feature of the invention relates to an improvement in thespecific construction of the depressin -arm for the trans- In this classof 'calculatin -machines a computing device having transfer-leversextended abovethe casing thereof has been employed, and alever-depressing plate movable withthe carriage of the t pe-writer hasbeen utilized to depress the evers slightly for the purpose ofpreventing accidental carrying of a wheel when the wheel of next of thekey under the levers each lower order is brought to rest in theposition. These transfer-levers are depressed and are automaticallyreleased as the carriage is retracted. This mechanism is not art of thepresent invention and is not s eci eally illustrated or describedherein. it is thought to be sufficient in this connection to state that"he automaticrelease of the transfer-levers i sometimes effected beforethe depressing- 'm is entirely removed from a position over a lastlever, and the upward movement of latter isthus cbstrncted. To avoid anymal position by a spring 92, Where it is ar rested by stop 93. .TIUSmovable section of the. arm refresents that portion with which theinterference occurs, and since it is capable of limited u ward movementit yields when struck by t e ascending transferlever, and as it is atthe same time moving away from the lever with the ret acting-carriagethe lever is entirely releasedbefore the interference causes a lockingof t a parts.

94 indicates a Sl'ldlIlg computing-devlce locator mounted in bearings 95on the cover- I late 5 and designed to be urged rea'rwardly iy a handle96 for the purpose of dis osing it in position to arrest the computingevice at the proper point as the latter is moved along the bar 21 to aposition opposite the desined column. The locator 9a is retracted by aspring 97, as shown in Fig. 22.

It is thought that the foregoing description of the construction andoperation of our calculating-machine is sufficient for the purpose ofthis disclosure. It is apparent, however, that various features of tneinvention may be used in'othcr relations or embodied in other specificstructures.- It should therefore be distinctly understood the right toeffect such changes, modifications, and variations of the illustratedstructure as may come fairly within the scope of the protection prayed.

What we claim is- 1. The combination with a computing device, a rotaryactuator therefor, and an actuator-shaft, of a series of driving-armsmounted to swing from the shaft and to rotate the same inone directiononly, a series of keys, and an independent system of levers between eachkey and a driving-arm.

2. The combination with a computing device, a rotary actuator therefor,and an actuator-shaft, 'of a series of driving-arms for said shaft,a'series of keys, a series of second-class operated by a key, and aseries of tliird-class levers each operated by a secondclass lever andgeared to a driving-arm.

3. The combination with a computing device, a'rotary actuator and anactuator-shaft, of a series of driving-arms each constituting afirst-class lever and arranged to rotate the shaft in one directiononly, a series of keys, and an operating connection between each key anda driving-arm, each of said connections including levers of the secondand third class.

4. The combination with a computing device, an actuator-therefor, and anactuatorshaft, of a plurality of keys, and a separate that We reserveIIO -25 x erated by a key and having a toothed segindependent connectionbetween each key and the actuator-shaft, said connection includinglevers of the first, second and third class s.

5. The combination with a computing device, a rotary actuator therefor,and an actuator-shaft, of a plurality of keys, and a separateindependent connection between each key and the shaft, each connectionincluding a driving-arm mounted to swing from the shaft, pawland-ratchet mechanism for connecting one end of the arm with the shaft,a toothed segment at the opposite end of the arm, and gearing engagingsaid segment and operated by a key.

6. The combination with a computing device, a rotary actuator therefor,and an actuator-shaft, of a plurality of keys, and an independentoperating connection between each key andthe shaft, each connectionincluding a driving-arm mounted to swing from the shaft, a toothedsegment at one side of the axis of said arm, pawl-andratchet mechan ismfor connecting the arm at the opposite side of its axis with the shaft,and a lever opment meshing with the segment of the driv- Y ing-arm'.

- 7. The combinationwith a computing deerated by a key., a 1 9. Thecombination with a computing de- Vice, a rotary actuator therefor, andan actuator-shaft, of a plurality of keys, and an independent operatingconnection between each key of the shaft, each of said connectionsincluding a driving-arm mounted to swing from the shaft and havingpawl-and-ratchet connection therewith, levers of the second and thirdclass fulcrumed at their opposite ends and having operative connectionintermediate of their ends, the free end of the'second-class leverhaving operative connection with the key and the free end of thethirdclass lever being geared to the driving-arm.

8. The combination with a computing device, a rotary actuator therefor,and an actuator-shaft, of a series of keys, and an independentconnection between each ke the shaft, each of said connections inc udinga driving-arm mounted to swing from the shaft, pawl-and-ratchetmechanism-for connecting one end of the driving-arm with the shaft, atoothed segment located at the opposite side of the axis ofthedriving-arm, a

third-class lever having a toothed segment geared to the se'gmentof thedriving-arm,

and a second-class lever connected to the third-class lever tooperatethe same and opvice, a rotary actuator therefor, and an actuator-shaft,of a series of keys, a series of driving-arms for the shaft, and aseries of airs of levers connecting the-keys with. the riving-arms, thelevers, of, each pair'being ful-f crumed at their opposite ends andhaving op' and erative connection intermediate or their ends, the leverconnections of the several pairs hav ing graduated arrangement.

10. The combination with a computing device, a rotary actuator therefor,and an actuator-shaft, of a series of keys, a series of driving-arms forthe shaft, a series of thirdclass levers geared to the driving-arms andhaving vice and a rotary actuator therefor, of a plurality of keys, atraveling carriage and a se arate, inde endent operating connectionetween eac key and the actuator and mounted on the carriage, theretraction of each connection being independent of the actuator topermit the operation of the latter by one con-- nection while another isbeing retracted.

12. The combination with a computing device, a plurality of keys, and atraveling carriage, of an actuator movable with the car riage, anactuator-shaft, and an inde endent connection between each key and t eactuator-shaft, each connection including a drivfing-arm mounted toswing from the shaft and pawl-and-ratchet mechanism for connectin thedriving-arm with the shaft when move in'one direction. I 13. Thecombination with a computing device, a series of keys, and a travelingcarriage,

of a rotory actuator and its shaft mounted on the carriage for movementtherewith, and an independent operatin connection between each key andthe she t each connection including a driving-arm arranged to rotate theshaft in one direction, and a'system of levers mounted on and movablewith the carriage and arranged to transmit motion-from a key to thedriving-arm.

14. The combination with a computing device, aseries of keys, and atraveling carriage, of an actuator for the computing device, anactuator-shaft mounted on the carriage, a series of driving arms mountedto swing from the shaft, pawl-and-ratchet mechanism for independentlyconnecting either drivin -arm with the'shaft, a series of third-class imounted onthe carriage and eac'hgeared to a vers each connected to oneof the third-class levers and arranged to be operated by a key.

15. The combination with a computin de-' vice, an actuator therefor, anactuator-s aft, vand a traveling carriage, of a plurality of keysmovable'withthe carriage, and an inde endent operating connectionbetween eac key and t e actuator-shaft, each of said connections beingcapable of retraction independ-' evers 7 carriage, drivin -arms mountedon the shaft,

and a system 0 levers comprising independent sets mounted on thecarriage and connecting each key with a drivin -arm.

17. The combination with a computing de- 'Vice, its actuator, and atraveling carriage, of

keys movable with the carriage, independent driving-arms for theactuator, and independent systems of levers each connecting a key with adriving-arm, each system of levers including levers of the first andsecond" class fulcrumed at their op osite ends upon the carriage andoperative y connected.

18. The combination with a computing device, a traveling carria e, andkeys, of independent connections etween the several eys and theactuator, said connections in eluding a series of levers fulcrumed onthe carriage and having connection at different distances from theirrespective fulcrums with the keys.

19 The combination with a computing device, an actuator therefor, and atraveling carriage, of keys each having the same stroke, a series oflevers mounted on the carriage and operatedby the keys, a second seriesof levers also mounted on the carriage and arranged to be moved indifierent degree by the respective levers of the first series, and anoperating connection between each lever of the second series and theactua tor of the computing device, each of said conriections includingan independent pawl-andratehet mechanism.

20. The combination with a traveling carria e,a computin device mountedindependently thereof ant including a series of digitcarriers, of amaster-wheel shaft mounted on the carriage, a master-wheel mounted onthe shaft to be rotated thereby and movable to successive digit-carriersas the carriage advances, a series of keys also mounted on the carriage,and an independent 0 erating e'onneetion between each key an themasterwheel shaft, said connection including a firstv ass leverconstituting a driving-arrnmounted on the master-wheel shaft and havingpawl-and-ratchetconnection therewith when moved in one direction, alever of the second class disposed to be operated by the key, and alever of the third class operated by the lever of the second class andarranged to operate the lever of the first class. i

21. The combination with a computing device, an actuator therefor, and aseries of keys, of a traveling carriage havin a detachab H ecover-plate, and a plurality o operatin connections independent of each0t ier ant amounted on the (bVGf-Pliit-E to transmit erating connectionof a key previously movement from the respective keys to the actuator.

having a detachable cover-plate, of an actua- 7o tor-shaft mounted onthe upper side of the" cover-plate, an actuator mounted on the saidshaft, and a series of independent operating connections likewisemounted upon the upper. side of the cover-plate to transmit motion fromeach key to the actuator-shaft, each of said connections including adriving arm mounted on the shaft and having pawland-ratchet connectiontl'lQlQWitll, and a set of levers for operating the driving-arm.

23. The combination with a computing device, including a series ofdigit-carriers and a traveling carriage, of an actuator-shaft and aseries of keys both mounted on the carriage for movement therewith, anactuator on the shaft, and an independent operating eonnec tion betweeneach key and the shaft, each of said connections including a drivin -armmounted on the shaf t and. having paw -and ratchet connection therewith,and a set of le vers for transmitting motion from the key to a drivin-arm.

24. T e combination with a type-writing machine, including printingmechanism and numeral-keys, of a computing device, an actuator therefor,and a separate inde endent o )erating connection between each eyand .tis actuator, each connection being capable of operating the actuatorduring the retraction of another connection, whereby it is possible toproperly operate the computing device by the depression of a key beforethe tlppressedhas been restored to its normal position.

25. The combination with a type-writing machine, including travelingprinting mechanism and numeral-keys, of a con'iputing device, a rotaryactuator therefor, and a separate independently-retractile operatingconnection between each numeral-key and the actuator, whereby saidactuator may be operated by oneikey before the operating connections ofa key previously depressed have been fully retracted.

26. The combination with a type-Writing machine, including amachine-frame, a traveling carriage, and irintin mechanism andnumeral-keys mova le 'wit 1 the carriage, of

ITO

a computing device mounted on the frame,

an actuator therefor mounted on the carriage, and a separate independentoperatingco11- nection between each key and the actuator, thearrangement of said connections being such that the actuator may keyduring the retraction ofthe connections of a kev previousl depressed.

27. 1 e combination with a type-writing machine, including amachine-frame, a travel be operated by a I25 ing carriage thereon,printing mechanism and numeral-keys mounted on the carriage, of

a computing device mounted on the frame, an actuator-shaft mounted onthe carriage, an actuator on the'shaft and operatively related to thecomputing device, a series of driving arms having, pawl and ratchetconnection with the actuator-shaft, and means for operatively connectingeach of the numeral-keys with a driving-arm.

28. The combination with a type-writing machine, including amachine-frame, a travcling carriage thereon, and printing mechanism andnumerahkeys mounted on the carriage, of a computing device mounted onthe frame, an actuator-shaft on the carriage, an actuator on the shaft,and separate independent connections between each of the numeralkeys andthe shaft, each of said connections including a driving-arm mounted toswing from the actuator-shaft and having pawl-and ratchet connectiontherewith, and a set of levers operatively connecting each drivingarm.with a key. M p

29. The combination with a type-writing machine, including amachine-frame, a traveling carriage, and printing mechanism andnumeral-keys mounted on the carriage, of a computing device mounted onthe frame, an actuator-shaft on the carriage, an actuator on the shaft,a series of independent driving- .arms mounted on the shaft and havingpaw and-ratchet connection therewith, a plurality of third-class leverseach geared to one of the drivingarms', and a plurality of second-classlevers each connected to one of the thirdclass levers to operate thesame and, arranged to be operated. by a key.

30. The combination with a computing device and its actuator rotatablein one direction only, of a plurality of separate independent operatingconnections arranged to im- 4 part differential movement to the actuatorand each capable of operation during the retraction of anotherconnection, and means for dogging each of the several connectionsagainst retraction until its full operating movement is completed.

31,. The combination with a computing device including a series ofdenominational members and a master-wheel presentable to successivemembers, of a series of keys, separate independent operating connectionsarranged to transmit a different degree of move ment to the master-wheelfrom each key and each capable of being operated durin the retraction ofanother connection, an means for preventing the retraction of any keyand its connection prior to the completion of a full stroke. I 1

32. The combination with a computing device and its actuator rotatablein one direction only, of an actuator-shaft, a series of driving-armsfor said shaft, paWl-and-ratchet mechanism con1'icctin;.:' eachdriying-arm with the shaft, and 1 ns for preventing the retraction ofeach driving-arm until its full stroke has been completed.

' 33. The combination with a computing device, its actuator, and anactuator-shaft, of means constantly opposing reverse rotation of theactuator-shaft, a series of independent driving-arms mounted on theshaft and having pawl-and-ratchet connection therewith, and means forpreventing disengagement of the iawl-and-ratchet mechanism during thestroke of any arm whereby the latter is held against retractile movementuntil itsfull stroke is completed.

34. The combination with a computing device, a rotary actuator therefor,and an actuator-shaft provided with a series of drivingratchets, of aseries of driving-arms mounted to swing from the shaft and each having apawl disposed to engage a driving-ratchet, and guarding means retainingeach pawl in engagement with the ratchet during the effective stroke ofthe driving-arm, whereby said arm isheld against retraction until itsfull stroke has been completed.

' 35. The combination with a computing de- 'vice, its rotary actuator,and an actuator shaft provided with a series of driving-ratchets, of adriving arm loosely mounted on the shaft adjacent to eachdriving-ratchet, a pawl carried by each arm. and arranged to engage theadjacent ratchet, a segmental guard associated with each drivingaatchet,

and a projection extending from each pawl and engaged by the adjacentguard, whereby the pawl is held in engagement with the ratchet until thefull stroke of the drivingarm is completed;

36. The combination with a computing device and its actuator, of keys,and'connections between the keys and the actuator, said connectionsincluding pawl and ratchet mechanism and stationary guarding meanspreventing premature disconnection of the' pawl-andratchet mechanism andthereby preventing any. key from rising before its full stroke iscompleted.

37 The combination with a computing device, its actuator, andactuatonshaft, of an oscillatory drivingarm mounted on the shaft, adriving-ratchet fixed. to the shaft, a driving-pawl carried by the armand engaging the ratchet and havinga lateral projection, a fixed-guardengaging said projection to prevent the pawl from being prematurelydisengaged from the ratchet, a set of levers for operating thedriving-arm, and a key for operating said levers.

38. The combination with a computing device, of an operating connectiontherefor including a pawl and a ratchet-wheel, and a stationary cam forpositively moving the pawl into engagement with the wheel at the propertime.

39. The combination with a computing de vice, of an operatingconncctiontherefor in-

